%
%  journals
%
\newcommand{\arXiv}[3]{, ``#2,'' arXiv:#3 (#1).}
%\newcommand{\ypasj}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Publ. Astron. Soc. Jap.\ }{\bf #2}, #3-#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yrppN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Rep.\ Progr.\ Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
%\newcommand{\ypasjN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Publ. Astron. Soc. Jap.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ynjpN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em New J. Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yphl}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yan}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astron.\ Nachr.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yanS}[5]{, ``#5'' {\em Astron.\ Nachr.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yact}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Acta Astron.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypnas}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Proc.\ Nat.\ Acad.\ Sci.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yana}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\dana}[3]{, ``#2,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.}, in press, DOI:#3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\pana}[3]{, ``#2,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.}, in press, arXiv:#3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\sana}[2]{, ``#2,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.}, submitted (#1).}
\newcommand{\tana}[3]{, ``#2,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.}, to be submitted, \url{#3} (#1).}
\newcommand{\yanaN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yanaS}[5]{, ``#5'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yanas}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.\ Suppl.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yanal}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yass}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astrophys.\ Spa.\ Sci.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yssr}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Spa.\ Sci.\ Rev.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ysci}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Science }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ysciS}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Science }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ysph}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Solar Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjetp}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Sov.\ Phys.\ JETP }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yspd}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Sov.\ Phys.\ Dokl.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yspdN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Sov.\ Phys.\ Dokl.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ysov}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Sov.\ Astron.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ysovl}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Sov.\ Astron.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ymnS}[5]{, ``#5'' {\em Month. Not. Roy.\ Astron.\ Soc.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ymn}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Month. Not. Roy.\ Astron.\ Soc.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\dmn}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Month. Not. Roy.\ Astron.\ Soc.\ } DOI:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\smn}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Month. Not. Roy.\ Astron.\ Soc.}, submitted, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yqjras}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Quart.\ J.\ Roy.\ Astron.\ Soc.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ynat}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Nature }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\san}[3]{, ``#2,'' {\em Astron.\ Nachr.\ } submitted, arXiv:#3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\sjfm}[3]{, ``#2,'' {\em J.\ Fluid Mech.\ } submitted, arXiv:#3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\pjfm}[2]{, ``#2,'' {\em J.\ Fluid Mech.\ } in press (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjfm}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em J.\ Fluid Mech.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypr}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprd}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ D }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\sprd}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ D}, submitted, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\epre}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ E }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprdN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ D }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypre}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ E }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypreN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ E }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprr}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ Res.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypreNS}[4]{, ``#4'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ E }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprf}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ Fluids }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprl}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprlN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yepl}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Europhys.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\pcsf}[2]{, ``#2,'' {\em Chaos, Solitons \& Fractals} in press (#1).}
\newcommand{\ycsf}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Chaos, Solitons \& Fractals}{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprs}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Proc.\ Roy.\ Soc.\ Lond.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yptrs}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phil.\ Trans.\ Roy.\ Soc.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yptrsa}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phil.\ Trans.\ Roy.\ Soc.\ A }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yrmp}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjcp}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em J.\ Comp.\ Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjgr}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em J.\ Geophys.\ Res.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ygrl}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ygrlN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yobs}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Observatory }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjas}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em J.\ Atmosph.\ Sci.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yaj}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astronom.\ J.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\sgafd}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Geophys. Astrophys.\ Fluid Mech.\ }, submitted, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\sapj}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.}, submitted, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\tapj}[2]{, ``#2,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.}, to be submitted (#1).}
\newcommand{\sprl}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, submitted, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\sapjl}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ Lett.}, submitted, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\papj}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.}, in press, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\papjl}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ Lett.}, in press, arXiv:#2 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yapj}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjppN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em J.\ Plasma Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yapjN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yapjNS}[4]{, ``#4'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yapjlNS}[4]{, ``#4'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yapjlN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yapjS}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1)}
\newcommand{\yapjlS}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1)}
\newcommand{\yapjs}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ Suppl.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yapjl}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astrophys.\ J.\ Lett.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypp}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Plasmas }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yppN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Phys.\ Plasmas }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yppcf}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Plasmas Phys. Contr. Fusion }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypac}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Publ.\ Astron.\ Soc.\ Pacific }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yaraa}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Ann.\ Rev.\ Astron.\ Astrophys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yarXiv}[3]{:~#1, ``#3,'' arXiv:#2}
\newcommand{\yjcap}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em J.\ Cosm.\ Astrop.\ Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjhep}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em J.\ High Energy.\ Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ycqg}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Class.\ Quant.\ Grav.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yanar}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.\ Rev.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yanf}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Ann.\ Rev.\ Fluid Dyn.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypf}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Fluids }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yija}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Int.\ J.\ Astrobiol.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yijaS}[5]{, ``#5'' {\em Int.\ J.\ Astrobiol.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypfN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em Phys.\ Fluids }{\bf #2}, #3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yphy}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Physica } {\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ygafd}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Geophys.\ Astrophys.\ Fluid Dynam. }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yoleb}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Orig.\ Life Evol.\ Biosph. }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yab}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Astrobiol. }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yzfa}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Zeitschr.\ f.\ Astrophys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yptp}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Progr.\ Theor.\ Phys.\ }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ypfb}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em Phys.\ Fluids B }{\bf #2}, #3--#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjour}[6]{, ``#6,'' {\em #2} {\bf #3}, #4--#5 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjourN}[5]{, ``#5,'' {\em #2} {\bf #3}, #4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjourNN}[4]{, ``#4,'' {\em #2}, p.~#3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\yjourS}[6]{, ``#6'' {\em #2} {\bf #3}, #4--#5 (#1).}
\newcommand{\pjour}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em #2}, in press (#1).}
\newcommand{\djour}[4]{, ``#3,'' {\em #2}, DOI:#4 (#1).}
\newcommand{\dnjour}[5]{, ``#4,'' {\em #2}, {\bf #3}. DOI:#5 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ppre}[3]{, ``#2,'' {\em Phys.\ Rev.\ E}, in press, arXiv:#3 (#1).}
\newcommand{\sjour}[3]{, ``#3,'' {\em #2}, submitted (#1).}
\newcommand{\yprep}[2]{, ``#2,'' (#1) (preprint).}
\newcommand{\pproc}[5]{, ``#2,'' In {\em #3} (ed.\ #4), #5 (#1) (to appear).}
\newcommand{\yproc}[7]{, ``#4,'' In {\em #5} (ed.\ #6), pp.\ #2--#3.\ #7 (#1).}
\newcommand{\ybook}[3]{ {\em #2}.\ #3 (#1).}